We will begin this review by summarising the key findings of those studies. Classic experiments in amphibian embryos revealed the tissue interactions involved in germ layer formation and provided the groundwork for the identification of secreted and intracellular factors involved in this process. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, epidermis and various neural crest-derived tissues, the endoderm goes on to form the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary systems as well as many endocrine glands, and the mesoderm will form the notochord, axial skeleton, cartilage, connective tissue, trunk muscles, kidneys and blood. The first step in this process of cellular diversification is the formation of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In order to generate the tissues and organs of a multicellular organism, different cell types have to be generated during embryonic development.
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